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RXM-315-LR_1

型号：

RXM-315-LR_1

描述：

LR系列接收器模块数据[ LR SERIES RECEIVER MODULE DATA ]

品牌：

ETC[ ETC ]

页数：

11 页

PDF大小：

468 K

下载PDF手册
RXM-315-LR  
RXM-418-LR  
RXM-433-LR  
WIRELESS MADE SIMPLE ®  
LR SERIES RECEIVER MODULE DATA GUIDE  
DESCRIPTION  
The LR Receiver is ideal for the wireless transfer of  
serial data, control, or command information in the  
0.812"  
favorable 260-470MHz band. The receiver’s  
advanced synthesized architecture achieves an  
outstanding typical sensitivity of -112dBm, which  
provides a 5 to 10 times improvement in range over  
previous solutions. When paired with a compatible  
Linx transmitter, a reliable wireless link is formed  
capable of transferring data at rates of up to  
10,000bps at distances of up to 3,000 feet.  
Applications operating over shorter distances or at  
lower data rates will also benefit from increased link  
reliability and superior noise immunity. Housed in a  
RF MODULE  
RXM-418-LR-S  
LOT 10000  
0.630"  
0.125"  
Figure 1: Package Dimensions  
tiny reflow-compatible SMD package, the LR Receiver module is footprint-compatible  
with the popular LC-S Receiver, allowing existing users an instant path to improved  
range and lower cost. No external components are required (except an antenna),  
allowing for easy integration, even for engineers without previous RF experience.  
FEATURES  
„ Long range  
„ Low power consumption  
„ Low cost  
„ Wide supply range (2.7 to 5.2VDC)  
„ Compact surface-mount package  
„ Wide temperature range  
„ RSSI and Power-down functions  
„ No production tuning  
„ PLL-synthesized architecture  
„ Direct serial interface  
„ Data rates to 10,000bps  
„ Qualified data output  
„ No external components needed  
APPLICATIONS INCLUDE  
„ Remote Control  
„ Keyless Entry  
ORDERING INFORMATION  
PART #  
DESCRIPTION  
„ Garage / Gate Openers  
„ Lighting Control  
TXM-315-LR  
TXM-418-LR  
TXM-433-LR  
RXM-315-LR  
RXM-418-LR  
RXM-433-LR  
EVAL-***-LR  
*** = Frequency  
Transmitter 315MHz  
Transmitter 418MHz  
Transmitter 433MHz  
Receiver 315MHz  
Receiver 418MHz  
Receiver 433MHz  
Basic Evaluation Kit  
„ Medical Monitoring / Call Systems  
„ Remote Industrial Monitoring  
„ Periodic Data Transfer  
„ Home / Industrial Automation  
„ Fire / Security Alarms  
„ Remote Status / Position Sensing  
„ Long-Range RFID  
Receivers are supplied in tubes of 25 pcs.  
„ Wire Elimination  
Revised 1/25/08  
ELECTRICAL SPECIFICATIONS  
ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS  
Parameter  
Designation  
Min.  
Typical  
Max.  
Units  
Notes  
Supply Voltage VCC  
Supply Voltage VCC, Using Resistor -0.3  
-0.3  
to  
to  
to  
0
to  
to  
+3.6  
+5.2  
+3.6  
VDC  
VDC  
VDC  
dBm  
°C  
POWER SUPPLY  
Operating Voltage  
VCC  
2.7  
3.0  
3.6  
VDC  
–
Any Input or Output Pin  
RF Input  
Operating Temperature  
Storage Temperature  
Soldering Temperature  
-0.3  
With Dropping Resistor  
Supply Current  
4.3  
4.0  
5.0  
5.2  
5.2  
7.0  
VDC  
mA  
1,5  
–
ICC  
-40  
-45  
+70  
+85  
Power-Down Current  
IPDN  
20.0  
28.0  
35.0  
µA  
5
°C  
RECEIVER SECTION  
Receive Frequency Range:  
+225°C for 10 seconds  
FC  
*NOTE* Exceeding any of the limits of this section may lead to permanent  
damage to the device. Furthermore, extended operation at these maximum  
ratings may reduce the life of this device.  
RXM-315-LR  
RXM-418-LR  
RXM-433-LR  
Center Frequency Accuracy  
LO Feedthrough  
IF Frequency  
–
–
–
-50  
–
–
315  
418  
433.92  
–
-80  
10.7  
–
–
–
+50  
–
–
MHz  
MHz  
MHz  
kHz  
dBm  
MHz  
–
–
–
–
2,5  
5
–
–
FIF  
PERFORMANCE DATA  
These performance parameters  
are based on module operation at  
25°C from a 3.0VDC supply unless  
Noise Bandwidth  
N3DB  
–
–
280  
–
–
kHz  
bps  
–
–
5VDC  
Data Rate  
Data Output:  
Logic Low  
100  
10,000  
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
NC  
ANT  
GND  
NC  
16  
15  
14  
13  
12  
11  
10  
9
330Ω  
NC  
otherwise  
illustrates  
necessary  
noted.  
the  
for  
Figure  
connections  
testing and  
2
3VDC  
External  
Resistor  
NC  
VOL  
VOH  
–
–
0.0  
3.0  
–
–
VDC  
VDC  
3
3
GND  
VCC  
PDN  
RSSI  
DATA  
NC  
Logic High  
NC  
Power-Down Input:  
Logic Low  
NC  
operation. It is recommended all  
ground pins be connected to the  
ground plane. The pins marked NC  
have no electrical connection.  
NC  
VIL  
VIH  
–
–
–
–
0.4  
–
VDC  
VDC  
dBm  
–
–
4
NC  
Logic High  
VCC-0.4  
-106  
Receiver Sensitivity  
RSSI / Analog:  
-112  
-118  
Figure 2: Test / Basic Application Circuit  
Dynamic Range  
Analog Bandwidth  
Gain  
Voltage With No Carrier  
ANTENNA PORT  
RF Input Impedance  
–
–
–
–
–
50  
–
80  
–
16  
1.5  
–
5,000  
–
dB  
Hz  
mV / dB  
V
5
5
5
5
TYPICAL PERFORMANCE GRAPHS  
–
–
PDN  
RX DATA  
RIN  
–
50  
–
Ω
5
Supply  
TIMING  
Receiver Turn-On Time:  
Via VCC  
–
3.0  
7.0  
10.0  
mSec  
5,6  
RX Data  
Via PDN  
Max. Time Between Transitions  
ENVIRONMENTAL  
–
–
0.04  
–
0.25  
10.0  
0.50  
–
mSec  
mSec  
5,6  
5
Operating Temperature Range  
–
-40  
–
+70  
°C  
5
Table 1: LR Series Receiver Specifications  
Figure 4: Turn-On Time from PDN  
Figure 3: Turn-On Time from VCC  
Notes  
1. The LR can utilize a 4.3 to 5.2VDC supply provided a 330-ohm resistor is placed in series with VCC.  
2. Into a 50-ohm load.  
5.40  
5.35  
5.30  
5.25  
3. When operating from a 5V source, it is important to consider that the output will swing to well less than  
5 volts as a result of the required dropping resistor. Please verify that the minimum voltage will meet the  
high threshold requirement of the device to which data is being sent.  
RFIN >-35dBm  
NO RFIN  
-5  
4. For BER of 10 at 1,200bps.  
5. Characterized, but not tested.  
6. Time to valid data output.  
With Dropping  
Resistor  
5.20  
5.15  
*CAUTION*  
This product incorporates numerous static-sensitive components.  
Always wear an ESD wrist strap and observe proper ESD handling  
procedures when working with this device. Failure to observe this  
precaution may result in module damage or failure.  
5.10  
2.7 2.8 2.9 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 5.0 5.1 5.2  
Supply Voltage (VDC)  
Figure 6: RSSI Response Time  
Figure 5: Consumption vs. Supply  
Page 3  
Page 2  
PIN ASSIGNMENTS  
MODULE DESCRIPTION  
The LR receiver is a low-cost, high-performance synthesized AM / OOK receiver,  
capable of receiving serial data at up to 10,000bps. Its exceptional sensitivity  
results in outstanding range performance. The LR’s compact surface-mount  
package is friendly to automated or hand production. LR Series modules are  
capable of meeting the regulatory requirements of many domestic and  
international applications.  
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
NC  
NC  
ANT 16  
GND 15  
NC 14  
NC 13  
NC 12  
NC  
GND  
VCC  
PDN  
RSSI  
DATA  
50Ω RF IN  
(Antenna)  
NC  
NC 10  
NC  
11  
Band Select  
Filter  
10.7MHz  
IF Filter  
Data Slicer  
0˚  
-
Data Out  
9
+
LNA  
Limiter  
∑
90˚  
RSSI/Analog  
Figure 7: LR Series Receiver Pinout (Top View)  
PIN DESCRIPTIONS  
PLL  
VCO  
Pin # Name  
Description  
No Connection  
No Connection  
No Connection  
Analog Ground  
Supply Voltage  
XTAL  
1
2
3
4
5
NC  
Figure 8: LR Series Receiver Block Diagram  
NC  
THEORY OF OPERATION  
NC  
The LR receiver is designed to recover  
data sent by an AM or Carrier-Present  
Carrier-Absent (CPCA) transmitter, also  
referred to as CW or On-Off Keying  
(OOK). This type of modulation  
represents a logic low ‘0’ by the absence  
of a carrier and a logic high ‘1’ by the  
presence of a carrier. This modulation  
method affords numerous benefits. The  
GND  
VCC  
Data  
Carrier  
Power Down. Pulling this line low will place the receiver  
into a low-current state. The module will not be able to  
receive a signal in this state.  
6
PDN  
Figure 9: CPCA (AM) Modulation  
two most important are: 1) cost-effectiveness due to design simplicity and 2)  
higher allowable output power and thus greater range in countries (such as the  
U.S.) that average output power measurements over time. Please refer to Linx  
Application Note AN-00130 for a further discussion of modulation techniques.  
Received Signal Strength Indicator. This line will supply an  
analog voltage that is proportional to the strength of the  
received signal.  
7
8
RSSI  
The LR receiver utilizes an advanced single-conversion superheterodyne  
architecture. Transmitted signals enter the module through a 50-ohm RF port  
intended for single-ended connection to an external antenna. RF signals  
entering the antenna are filtered and then amplified by an NMOS cascode Low  
Noise Amplifier (LNA). The filtered, amplified signal is then down-converted to a  
10.7MHz Intermediate Frequency (IF) by mixing it with a low-side Local  
Oscillator (LO). The LO frequency is generated by a Voltage Controlled  
Oscillator (VCO) locked by a Phase-Locked Loop (PLL) frequency synthesizer  
that utilizes a precision crystal reference. The mixer stage incorporates a pair of  
double-balanced mixers and a unique image rejection circuit. This circuit, along  
with the high IF frequency and ceramic IF filters, reduces susceptibility to  
interference. The IF frequency is further amplified, filtered, and demodulated to  
recover the baseband signal originally transmitted. The baseband signal is  
squared by a data slicer and output to the DATA pin. The architecture and quality  
of the components utilized in the LR module enable it to outperform many far  
more expensive receiver products.  
Digital Data Output. This line will output the demodulated  
digital data.  
DATA  
9
NC  
NC  
No Connection  
No Connection  
No Connection  
No Connection  
No Connection  
No Connection  
Analog Ground  
50-ohm RF Input  
10  
11  
12  
13  
14  
15  
NC  
NC  
NC  
NC  
GND  
RF IN  
16  
Page 4  
Page 5  
POWER SUPPLY REQUIREMENTS  
THE DATA OUTPUT  
The module does not have an internal voltage regulator, therefore it requires a  
clean, well-regulated power source. While it is preferable to power the unit from  
a battery, it can also be operated from a power supply as long as noise is less  
than 20mV. Power supply noise can significantly affect the receiver sensitivity,  
therefore; providing clean power to the module should be a high priority during  
The CMOS-compatible data output is normally used to drive a digital decoder IC  
or a microprocessor that is performing the data decoding. In addition, the module  
can be connected to an RS-232 level converter chip, like the MAX232, to a Linx  
USB module for interfacing to a PC, or to a standard UART. Since a UART uses  
high marking to indicate the absence of data, a designer using a UART may wish  
to insert a logic inverter between the data output of the receiver and the UART.  
design.  
Vcc TO  
MODULE  
A 10Ω resistor in series with the supply followed by a  
The receiver’s output may appear to switch randomly in the absence of a  
transmitter. This is a result of the receiver sensitivity being below the noise floor  
of the board. This noise can be handled in software by implementing a noise-  
tolerant protocol as described in Application Note AN-00160. If a software  
solution is not appropriate, the squelch circuit in the figure below can be used  
and the designer can make a compromise between noise level and range.  
10µF tantalum capacitor from VCC to ground will help  
10Ω  
Vcc IN  
in cases where the quality of the supply power is poor.  
Operation from 4.3V to 5.2V requires an external  
330Ω series resistor to prevent VCC from exceeding  
3.6V. These values may need to be adjusted  
+
10μF  
Figure 10: Supply Filter  
depending on the noise present on the supply line.  
VCC  
USING THE PDN PIN  
DATA  
R2  
500k  
VCC  
VCC  
The Power Down (PDN) line can be used to power down the receiver without the  
need for an external switch. This line has an internal pull-up, so when it is held  
high or simply left floating, the module will be active.  
5
2
VCC  
R3  
200k  
8
2
3
-
D1  
1
1
U2  
MAX4714  
+
When the PDN line is pulled to ground, the receiver will enter into a low-current  
(<40µA) power-down mode. During this time the receiver is off and cannot  
perform any function. It may be useful to note that the startup time coming out of  
RSSI  
U1  
+
LMV393  
4
C1  
0.1μ  
R1  
2M  
3
6
Squelched Data  
power-down will be slightly less than when applying VCC  
.
R4  
5M  
The PDN line allows easy control of the receiver state from external components,  
like a microcontroller. By periodically activating the receiver, checking for data,  
then powering down, the receiver’s average current consumption can be greatly  
reduced, saving power in battery-operated applications.  
Figure 11: LR Receiver and LS Decoder  
RECEIVING DATA  
Once an RF link has been established, the challenge becomes how to effectively  
transfer data across it. While a properly designed RF link provides reliable data  
transfer under most conditions, there are still distinct differences from a wired link  
that must be addressed. Since the LR modules do not incorporate internal  
encoding / decoding, the user has tremendous flexibility in how data is handled.  
Note: The voltage on the PDN line should not exceed VCC. When used with a higher  
voltage source, such as a 5V microcontroller, an open collector line should be used or a  
diode placed in series with the control line. Either method will prevent damage to the  
module by preventing 5V from being placed on the PDN line, while allowing the line to be  
pulled low.  
USING THE RSSI PIN  
It is always important to separate what types of transmissions are technically  
possible from those that are legally allowable in the country of intended  
operation. Application Notes AN-00125 and AN-00140 should be reviewed along  
with Part 15, Section 231 for further details on acceptable transmission content.  
The receiver’s Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) line serves a variety of  
functions. This line has a dynamic range of 80dB (typical) and outputs a voltage  
proportional to the incoming signal strength. It should be noted that the RSSI  
levels and dynamic range will vary slightly from part to part. It is also important  
to remember that RSSI output indicates the strength of any in-band RF energy  
and not necessarily just that from the intended transmitter; therefore, it should be  
used only to qualify the level and presence of a signal.  
If you want to transfer simple control or status signals, such as button presses or  
switch closures, and your product does not have a microprocessor on board or  
you wish to avoid protocol development, consider using an encoder and decoder  
IC set. These chips are available from a wide range of manufacturers including  
Linx, Microchip, and Holtek. These chips take care of all encoding and decoding  
functions and generally provide a number of data pins to which switches can be  
directly connected. In addition, address bits are usually provided for security and  
to allow the addressing of multiple receivers independently. These ICs are an  
excellent way to bring basic remote control / status products quickly and  
inexpensively to market. Additionally, it is a simple task to interface with  
inexpensive microprocessors such as the Microchip PIC or one of many IR,  
remote control, DTMF, and modem ICs.  
The RSSI output can be utilized during testing or even as a product feature to  
assess interference and channel quality by looking at the RSSI level with all  
intended transmitters shut off. The RSSI output can also be used in direction-  
finding applications, although there are many potential perils to consider in such  
systems. Finally, it can be used to save system power by “waking up” external  
circuitry when a transmission is received or crosses a certain threshold. The  
RSSI output feature adds tremendous versatility for the creative designer.  
Page 6  
Page 7  
PROTOCOL GUIDELINES  
TYPICAL APPLICATIONS  
While many RF solutions impose data formatting and balancing requirements,  
Linx RF modules do not encode or packetize the signal content in any manner.  
The received signal will be affected by such factors as noise, edge jitter, and  
interference, but it is not purposefully manipulated or altered by the modules.  
This gives the designer tremendous flexibility for protocol design and interface.  
Figure 12 shows a circuit using the Linx LICAL-DEC-MS001 decoder. This chip  
works with the LICAL-ENC-MS001 encoder to provide simple remote control  
capabilities. The decoder will detect the transmission from the encoder, check for  
errors, and if everything is correct, the encoder’s inputs will be replicated on the  
decoder’s outputs. This makes sending key presses very easy.  
SWITCHED OUTPUT  
Despite this transparency and ease of use, it must be recognized that there are  
distinct differences between a wired and a wireless environment. Issues such as  
interference and contention must be understood and allowed for in the design  
process. To learn more about protocol considerations, we suggest you read Linx  
Application Note AN-00160.  
RELAY  
VCC  
Errors from interference or changing signal conditions can cause corruption of  
the data packet, so it is generally wise to structure the data being sent into small  
packets. This allows errors to be managed without affecting large amounts of  
data. A simple checksum or CRC could be used for basic error detection. Once  
an error is detected, the protocol designer may wish to simply discard the corrupt  
data or implement a more sophisticated scheme to correct it.  
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
20  
19  
18  
17  
16  
15  
14  
13  
12  
11  
VCC  
10k 2.2k  
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
16  
15  
14  
13  
12  
11  
10  
9
NC  
NC  
NC  
GND  
VCC  
PDN  
RSSI  
DATA  
ANT  
GND  
NC  
NC  
NC  
NC  
NC  
NC  
VCC  
VCC  
GND  
GND  
220  
10  
RXM-LR  
100k  
LICAL-DEC-MS001  
GND  
INTERFERENCE CONSIDERATIONS  
GND  
The RF spectrum is crowded and the potential for conflict with other unwanted  
sources of RF is very real. While all RF products are at risk from interference, its  
effects can be minimized by better understanding its characteristics.  
Figure 12: LR Receiver and MS Decoder  
Figure 13 shows a typical RS-232 circuit using the LR receiver and a Maxim  
MAX232 chip. The LR will output a serial data stream and the MAX232 will  
convert that to RS-232 compliant signals.  
Interference may come from internal or external sources. The first step is to  
eliminate interference from noise sources on the board. This means paying  
careful attention to layout, grounding, filtering, and bypassing in order to  
eliminate all radiated and conducted interference paths. For many products, this  
is straightforward; however, products containing components such as switching  
power supplies, motors, crystals, and other potential sources of noise must be  
approached with care. Comparing your own design with a Linx evaluation board  
can help to determine if and at what level design-specific interference is present.  
VCC  
VCC  
C1  
4.7uF  
+
C2  
4.7uF  
DB-9  
RXM-XXX-LR-S  
MAX232  
1
6
2
16  
15  
14  
13  
12  
11  
10  
9
+
NC  
NC  
ANT  
GND  
NC  
1
2
16  
15  
GND  
C3  
4.7uF  
C1+  
V+  
VCC  
GND  
2
8
C1-  
C2+  
4
5
3
8
VCC  
NC  
+
C4  
4.7uF  
C
NC  
V-  
T2OUT  
R2IN  
7
8
9
5
NC  
RSSI  
NC  
External interference can manifest itself in a variety of ways. Low-level  
interference will produce noise and hashing on the output and reduce the link’s  
overall range.  
DATA  
NC  
GND  
C5  
4.7uF  
GND  
GND  
GND  
High-level interference is caused by nearby products sharing the same  
frequency or from near-band high-power devices. It can even come from your  
own products if more than one transmitter is active in the same area. It is  
important to remember that only one transmitter at a time can occupy a  
frequency, regardless of the coding of the transmitted signal. This type of  
interference is less common than those mentioned previously, but in severe  
cases it can prevent all useful function of the affected device.  
Figure 13: LR Receiver and MAX232 IC  
Figure 14 shows an example of combining the LR Series receiver with a Linx  
SDM-USB-QS-S USB module. The LR will output a serial data stream and the  
USB module will convert that to low-speed USB compliant signals.  
USB-B  
4
RXM-XXX-LR-S  
SDM-USB-QS-S  
USBDP  
USBDM  
GND  
GND  
DAT+  
DAT -  
5V  
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
16  
15  
1
2
16  
15  
14  
13  
12  
11  
10  
9
Although technically it is not interference, multipath is also a factor to be  
understood. Multipath is a term used to refer to the signal cancellation effects  
that occur when RF waves arrive at the receiver in different phase relationships.  
This effect is a particularly significant factor in interior environments where  
objects provide many different signal reflection paths. Multipath cancellation  
results in lowered signal levels at the receiver and, thus, shorter useful distances  
for the link.  
RI  
NC  
ANT  
GND  
NC  
GND  
VCC  
VCC  
NC  
SUSP_IND  
RX_IND  
TX_IND  
485_TX  
C
NC  
GND GND  
NC  
NC  
DTR  
DATA  
NC  
GND  
Figure 14: LR Receiver and Linx USB Module  
Page 8  
Page 9  
BOARD LAYOUT GUIDELINES  
MICROSTRIP DETAILS  
If you are at all familiar with RF devices, you may be concerned about  
specialized board layout requirements. Fortunately, because of the care taken by  
Linx in designing the modules, integrating them is very straightforward. Despite  
this ease of application, it is still necessary to maintain respect for the RF stage  
and exercise appropriate care in layout and application in order to maximize  
performance and ensure reliable operation. The antenna can also be influenced  
by layout choices. Please review this data guide in its entirety prior to beginning  
your design. By adhering to good layout principles and observing some basic  
design rules, you will be on the path to RF success.  
A transmission line is a medium whereby RF energy is transferred from one  
place to another with minimal loss. This is a critical factor, especially in high-  
frequency products like Linx RF modules, because the trace leading to the  
module’s antenna can effectively contribute to the length of the antenna,  
changing its resonant bandwidth. In order to minimize loss and detuning, some  
form of transmission line between the antenna and the module should be used,  
unless the antenna can be placed very close (<1/8in.) to the module. One  
common form of transmission line is a coax cable, another is the microstrip. This  
term refers to a PCB trace running over a ground plane that is designed to serve  
as a transmission line between the module and the antenna. The width is based  
on the desired characteristic impedance of the line, the thickness of the PCB,  
and the dielectric constant of the board material. For standard 0.062in thick FR-  
4 board material, the trace width would be 111 mils. The correct trace width can  
be calculated for other widths and materials using the information below. Handy  
software for calculating microstrip lines is also available on the Linx website,  
www.linxtechnologies.com.  
The adjacent figure shows the suggested  
GROUND PLANE  
PCB footprint for the module. The actual pad  
ON LOWER LAYER  
dimensions are shown in the Pad Layout  
section of this manual. A ground plane (as  
large as possible) should be placed on a  
lower layer of your PC board opposite the  
module. This ground plane can also be critical  
to the performance of your antenna, which will  
be discussed later. There should not be any  
Trace  
ground or traces under the module on the  
same layer as the module, just bare PCB.  
Figure 15: Suggested PCB Layout  
Board  
During prototyping, the module should be soldered to a properly laid-out circuit  
board. The use of prototyping or “perf” boards will result in horrible performance  
and is strongly discouraged.  
Ground plane  
No conductive items should be placed within 0.15in of the module’s top or sides.  
Do not route PCB traces directly under the module. The underside of the module  
has numerous signal-bearing traces and vias that could short or couple to traces  
on the product’s circuit board.  
The module’s ground lines should each have their own via to the ground plane  
and be as short as possible.  
AM / OOK receivers are particularly subject to noise. The module should, as  
much as reasonably possible, be isolated from other components on your PCB,  
especially high-frequency circuitry such as crystal oscillators, switching power  
supplies, and high-speed bus lines. Make sure internal wiring is routed away  
from the module and antenna, and is secured to prevent displacement.  
The power supply filter should be placed close to the module’s VCC line.  
In some instances, a designer may wish to encapsulate or “pot” the product.  
Many Linx customers have done this successfully; however, there are a wide  
variety of potting compounds with varying dielectric properties. Since such  
compounds can considerably impact RF performance, it is the responsibility of  
the designer to carefully evaluate and qualify the impact and suitability of such  
materials.  
Figure 16: Microstrip Formulas  
Effective Dielectric  
Constant  
Characteristic  
Impedance  
Dielectric Constant Width/Height (W/d)  
The trace from the module to the antenna should be kept as short as possible.  
A simple trace is suitable for runs up to 1/8-inch for antennas with wide  
bandwidth characteristics. For longer runs or to avoid detuning narrow bandwidth  
antennas, such as a helical, use a 50-ohm coax or 50-ohm microstrip  
transmission line as described in the following section.  
4.80  
4.00  
2.55  
1.8  
2.0  
3.0  
3.59  
3.07  
2.12  
50.0  
51.0  
48.0  
Page 10  
Page 11  
PAD LAYOUT  
AUTOMATED ASSEMBLY  
The following pad layout diagram is designed to facilitate both hand and  
automated assembly.  
For high-volume assembly, most users will want to auto-place the modules. The  
modules have been designed to maintain compatibility with reflow processing  
techniques; however, due to the their hybrid nature, certain aspects of the  
assembly process are far more critical than for other component types.  
0.065"  
Following are brief discussions of the three primary areas where caution must be  
observed.  
Reflow Temperature Profile  
0.610"  
The single most critical stage in the automated assembly process is the reflow  
stage. The reflow profile below should not be exceeded, since excessive  
temperatures or transport times during reflow will irreparably damage the  
modules. Assembly personnel will need to pay careful attention to the oven’s  
profile to ensure that it meets the requirements necessary to successfully reflow  
all components while still remaining within the limits mandated by the modules.  
The figure below shows the recommended reflow oven profile for the modules.  
0.070"  
0.100"  
Figure 17: Recommended PCB Layout  
PRODUCTION GUIDELINES  
300  
Recommended RoHS Profile  
Max RoHS Profile  
Recommended Non-RoHS Profile  
The modules are housed in a hybrid SMD package that supports hand or  
automated assembly techniques. Since the modules contain discrete  
components internally, the assembly procedures are critical to ensuring the  
reliable function of the modules. The following procedures should be reviewed  
with and practiced by all assembly personnel.  
255°C  
250  
200  
150  
100  
50  
235°C  
217°C  
185°C  
180°C  
HAND ASSEMBLY  
Pads located on the bottom of the  
module are the primary mounting  
surface. Since these pads are  
inaccessible during mounting,  
castellations that run up the side of  
the module have been provided to  
facilitate solder wicking to the  
module’s underside. This allows for  
very quick hand soldering for  
Soldering Iron  
125°C  
Tip  
Solder  
PCB Pads  
0
30  
60  
90  
120  
150  
Time (Seconds)  
180  
210  
240  
270  
300  
330  
360  
Castellations  
prototyping and small volume  
Figure 19: Maximum Reflow Profile  
Figure 18: Soldering Technique  
production.  
If the recommended pad guidelines have been followed, the pads will protrude  
slightly past the edge of the module. Use a fine soldering tip to heat the board  
pad and the castellation, then introduce solder to the pad at the module’s edge.  
The solder will wick underneath the module, providing reliable attachment. Tack  
one module corner first and then work around the device, taking care not to  
exceed the times listed below.  
Shock During Reflow Transport  
Since some internal module components may reflow along with the components  
placed on the board being assembled, it is imperative that the modules not be  
subjected to shock or vibration during the time solder is liquid. Should a shock  
be applied, some internal components could be lifted from their pads, causing  
the module to not function properly.  
Washability  
Absolute Maximum Solder Times  
The modules are wash resistant, but are not hermetically sealed. Linx  
recommends wash-free manufacturing; however, the modules can be subjected  
to a wash cycle provided that a drying time is allowed prior to applying electrical  
power to the modules. The drying time should be sufficient to allow any moisture  
that may have migrated into the module to evaporate, thus eliminating the  
potential for shorting damage during power-up or testing. If the wash contains  
contaminants, the performance may be adversely affected, even after drying.  
Hand-Solder Temp. TX +225°C for 10 Seconds  
Hand-Solder Temp. RX +225°C for 10 Seconds  
Recommended Solder Melting Point +180°C  
Reflow Oven: +220°C Max. (See adjoining diagram)  
Page 12  
Page 13  
ANTENNA CONSIDERATIONS  
GENERAL ANTENNA RULES  
The choice of antennas is a critical  
The following general rules should help in maximizing antenna performance.  
and  
consideration.  
often  
overlooked  
The  
design  
range,  
1. Proximity to objects such as a user’s hand, body, or metal objects will cause an  
antenna to detune. For this reason, the antenna shaft and tip should be  
positioned as far away from such objects as possible.  
performance, and legality of an RF link  
are critically dependent upon the  
antenna. While adequate antenna  
performance can often be obtained by  
trial and error methods, antenna  
design and matching is a complex  
2. Optimum performance will be obtained  
from a 1/4- or 1/2-wave straight whip  
mounted at a right angle to the ground  
plane. In many cases, this isn’t desirable  
OPTIMUM  
for practical or ergonomic reasons, thus,  
NOT RECOMMENDED  
task.  
A
professionally designed  
Figure 20: Linx Antennas  
USEABLE  
an alternative antenna style such as a  
helical, loop, or patch may be utilized  
antenna, such as those from Linx, will  
help ensure maximum performance and FCC compliance.  
Figure 22: Ground Plane Orientation  
and the corresponding sacrifice in performance accepted.  
Linx transmitter modules typically have an output power that is slightly higher  
than the legal limits. This allows the designer to use an inefficient antenna, such  
as a loop trace or helical, to meet size, cost, or cosmetic requirements and still  
achieve full legal output power for maximum range. If an efficient antenna is  
used, then some attenuation of the output power will likely be needed. This can  
easily be accomplished by using the LADJ line or a T-pad attenuator. For more  
details on T-pad attenuator design, please see Application Note AN-00150.  
3. If an internal antenna is to be used, keep it away from other metal components,  
particularly large items like transformers, batteries, PCB tracks, and ground  
planes. In many cases, the space around the antenna is as important as the  
antenna itself. Objects in close proximity to the antenna can cause direct  
detuning, while those farther away will alter the antenna’s symmetry.  
4. In many antenna designs, particularly 1/4-wave  
VERTICAL λ/4 GROUNDED  
ANTENNA (MARCONI)  
whips, the ground plane acts as a counterpoise,  
forming, in essence, a 1/2-wave dipole. For this  
reason, adequate ground plane area is essential.  
A receiver antenna should be optimized for the frequency or band in which the  
receiver operates and to minimize the reception of off-frequency signals. The  
efficiency of the receiver’s antenna is critical to maximizing range performance.  
Unlike the transmitter antenna, where legal operation may mandate attenuation  
or a reduction in antenna efficiency, the receiver’s antenna should be optimized  
as much as is practical.  
E
DIPOLE  
ELEMENT  
λ/4  
The ground plane can be a metal case or ground-fill  
I
areas on a circuit board. Ideally, it should have a  
surface area > the overall length of the 1/4-wave  
radiating element. This is often not practical due to  
size and configuration constraints. In these  
instances, a designer must make the best use of the  
area available to create as much ground plane as  
GROUND  
PLANE  
VIRTUAL λ/4  
DIPOLE  
λ/4  
It is usually best to utilize a basic quarter-wave whip until your prototype product  
is operating satisfactorily. Other antennas can then be evaluated based on the  
cost, size, and cosmetic requirements of the product. You may wish to review  
Application Note AN-00500 “Antennas: Design, Application, Performance”  
Figure 23: Dipole Antenna  
possible in proximity to the base of the antenna. In cases where the antenna is  
remotely located or the antenna is not in close proximity to a circuit board,  
ground plane, or grounded metal case, a metal plate may be used to maximize  
the antenna’s performance.  
ANTENNA SHARING  
In cases where a transmitter and receiver  
module are combined to form a transceiver,  
0.1μF  
it is often advantageous to share a single  
Module  
V
DD  
Transmitter  
0.1μF  
Antenna  
5. Remove the antenna as far as possible from potential interference sources. Any  
frequency of sufficient amplitude to enter the receiver’s front end will reduce  
system range and can even prevent reception entirely. Switching power  
supplies, oscillators, or even relays can also be significant sources of potential  
interference. The single best weapon against such problems is attention to  
placement and layout. Filter the module’s power supply with a high-frequency  
bypass capacitor. Place adequate ground plane under potential sources of noise  
to shunt noise to ground and prevent it from coupling to the RF stage. Shield  
noisy board areas whenever practical.  
antenna. To accomplish this, an antenna  
switch must be used to provide isolation  
between the modules so that the full  
0.1μF  
GND  
0.1μF  
GND  
Receiver  
Module  
transmitter output power is not put on the  
0.1μF  
sensitive front end of the receiver. There  
Select  
are a wide variety of antenna switches that  
are cost-effective and easy to use. Among  
Figure 21: Typical Antenna Switch  
the most popular are switches from Macom and NEC. Look for an antenna  
switch that has high isolation and low loss at the desired frequency of operation.  
Generally, the Tx or Rx status of a switch will be controlled by a product’s  
microprocessor, but the user may also make the selection manually. In some  
cases, where the characteristics of the Tx and Rx antennas need to be different  
or antenna switch losses are unacceptable, it may be more appropriate to utilize  
two discrete antennas.  
6. In some applications, it is advantageous to  
place the module and antenna away from the  
CASE  
main equipment. This can avoid interference  
problems and allows the antenna to be  
oriented for optimum performance. Always use  
GROUND PLANE  
NUT  
(MAY BE NEEDED)  
50Ω coax, like RG-174, for the remote feed.  
Figure 24: Remote Ground Plane  
Page 15  
Page 14  
COMMON ANTENNA STYLES  
ONLINE RESOURCES  
There are literally hundreds of antenna styles and variations that can be  
employed with Linx RF modules. Following is a brief discussion of the styles  
most commonly utilized. Additional antenna information can be found in Linx  
Application Notes AN-00100, AN-00140, and AN-00500. Linx antennas and  
connectors offer outstanding performance at a low price.  
®
www.linxtechnologies.com  
• Latest News  
A whip-style antenna provides outstanding overall performance  
Whip Style  
and stability. A low-cost whip is can be easily fabricated from a  
wire or rod, but most designers opt for the consistent  
performance and cosmetic appeal of a professionally-made  
model. To meet this need, Linx offers a wide variety of straight  
and reduced-height whip-style antennas in permanent and  
connectorized mounting styles.  
• Data Guides  
• Application Notes  
• Knowledgebase  
• Software Updates  
The wavelength of the operational frequency determines an  
antenna’s overall length. Since a full wavelength is often quite  
If you have questions regarding any Linx product and have Internet access,  
make www.linxtechnologies.com your first stop. Our website is organized in an  
intuitive format to immediately give you the answers you need. Day or night, the  
Linx website gives you instant access to the latest information regarding the  
products and services of Linx. It’s all here: manual and software updates,  
application notes, a comprehensive knowledgebase, FCC information, and much  
more. Be sure to visit often!  
long, a partial 1/2- or 1/4-wave antenna is normally employed.  
Its size and natural radiation resistance make it well matched to  
Linx modules. The proper length for a straight 1/4-wave can be  
easily determined using the adjacent formula. It is also possible  
to reduce the overall height of the antenna by using a helical  
winding. This reduces the antenna’s bandwidth, but is a great  
way to minimize the antenna’s physical size for compact  
applications. This also means that the physical appearance is  
not always an indicator of the antenna’s frequency.  
234  
L =  
F
MHz  
Where:  
L
= length in feet of  
quarter-wave length  
F = operating frequency  
in megahertz  
Specialty Styles  
Linx offers a wide variety of specialized antenna styles.  
Many of these styles utilize helical elements to reduce the  
overall antenna size while maintaining reasonable  
performance. A helical antenna’s bandwidth is often quite  
narrow and the antenna can detune in proximity to other  
objects, so care must be exercised in layout and placement.  
www.antennafactor.com  
The Antenna Factor division of Linx offers  
a diverse array of antenna styles, many of  
which are optimized for use with our RF  
modules. From innovative embeddable  
antennas to low-cost whips, domes to  
Yagis, and even GPS, Antenna Factor  
likely has an antenna for you, or can  
design one to meet your requirements.  
A loop- or trace-style antenna is normally printed directly on a  
product’s PCB. This makes it the most cost-effective of antenna  
styles. The element can be made self-resonant or externally  
resonated with discrete components, but its actual layout is  
usually product specific. Despite the cost advantages, loop-style  
antennas are generally inefficient and useful only for short-range  
applications. They are also very sensitive to changes in layout and  
PCB dielectric, which can cause consistency issues during  
production. In addition, printed styles are difficult to engineer,  
requiring the use of expensive equipment, including a network  
analyzer. An improperly designed loop will have a high SWR at the  
desired frequency, which can cause instability in the RF stage.  
Loop Style  
www.connectorcity.com  
Through its Connector City division, Linx offers a wide  
selection of high-quality RF connectors, including FCC-  
compliant types such as RP-SMAs that are an ideal  
match for our modules and antennas. Connector City  
focuses on high-volume OEM requirements, which  
allows standard and custom RF connectors to be offered  
at a remarkably low cost.  
Linx offers low-cost planar and chip antennas that mount directly  
to a product’s PCB. These tiny antennas do not require testing and  
provide excellent performance in light of their small size. They  
offer a preferable alternative to the often-problematic “printed”  
antenna.  
Page 16  
Page 17  
LEGAL CONSIDERATIONS  
ACHIEVING A SUCCESSFUL RF IMPLEMENTATION  
Adding an RF stage brings an exciting new  
DECIDE TO UTILIZE RF  
NOTE: Linx RF modules are designed as component devices that require  
external components to function. The modules are intended to allow for full Part  
15 compliance; however, they are not approved by the FCC or any other agency  
worldwide. The purchaser understands that approvals may be required prior to  
the sale or operation of the device, and agrees to utilize the component in keeping  
with all laws governing its use in the country of operation.  
dimension to any product. It also means that  
additional effort and commitment will be needed to  
bring the product successfully to market. By utilizing  
premade RF modules, such as the LR Series, the  
design and approval process is greatly simplified. It  
is still important, however, to have an objective view  
of the steps necessary to ensure a successful RF  
integration. Since the capabilities of each customer  
vary widely, it is difficult to recommend one  
particular design path, but most projects follow steps  
similar to those shown at the right.  
RESEARCH RF OPTIONS  
ORDER EVALUATION KIT(S)  
TEST MODULE(S) WITH  
BASIC HOOKUP  
CHOOSE LINX MODULE  
When working with RF, a clear distinction must be made between what is technically  
possible and what is legally acceptable in the country where operation is intended. Many  
manufacturers have avoided incorporating RF into their products as a result of  
uncertainty and even fear of the approval and certification process. Here at Linx, our  
desire is not only to expedite the design process, but also to assist you in achieving a  
clear idea of what is involved in obtaining the necessary approvals to legally market your  
completed product.  
INTERFACE TO CHOSEN  
CIRCUIT AND DEBUG  
CONSULT LINX REGARDING  
ANTENNA OPTIONS AND DESIGN  
LAY OUT BOARD  
In reviewing this sample design path, you may  
notice that Linx offers a variety of services (such as  
antenna design and FCC prequalification) that are  
unusual for a high-volume component manufacturer.  
These services, along with an exceptional level of  
technical support, are offered because we recognize  
that RF is a complex science requiring the highest  
caliber of products and support. “Wireless Made  
Simple” is more than just a motto, it’s our  
commitment. By choosing Linx as your RF partner  
and taking advantage of the resources we offer, you  
SEND PRODUCTION-READY  
PROTOTYPE TO LINX  
FOR EMC PRESCREENING  
OPTIMIZE USING RF SUMMARY  
GENERATED BY LINX  
In the United States, the approval process is actually quite straightforward. The  
regulations governing RF devices and the enforcement of them are the responsibility of  
the Federal Communications Commission (FCC). The regulations are contained in Title  
47 of the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR). Title 47 is made up of numerous volumes;  
however, all regulations applicable to this module are contained in Volume 0-19. It is  
strongly recommended that a copy be obtained from the Government Printing Office in  
Washington or from your local government bookstore. Excerpts of applicable sections are  
included with Linx evaluation kits or may be obtained from the Linx Technologies website,  
www.linxtechnologies.com. In brief, these rules require that any device that intentionally  
radiates RF energy be approved, that is, tested for compliance and issued a unique  
identification number. This is a relatively painless process. Linx offers full EMC pre-  
compliance testing in our HP / Emco-equipped test center. Final compliance testing is  
then performed by one of the many independent testing laboratories across the country.  
Many labs can also provide other certifications that the product may require at the same  
time, such as UL, CLASS A / B, etc. Once your completed product has passed, you will  
be issued an ID number that is to be clearly placed on each product manufactured.  
SEND TO PART 15  
TEST FACILITY  
RECEIVE FCC ID #  
COMMENCE SELLING PRODUCT  
Typical Steps For  
Implementing RF  
will not only survive implementing RF, you may even find the process enjoyable.  
HELPFUL APPLICATION NOTES FROM LINX  
It is not the intention of this manual to address in depth many of the issues that  
should be considered to ensure that the modules function correctly and deliver  
the maximum possible performance. As you proceed with your design, you may  
wish to obtain one or more of the following application notes, which address in  
depth key areas of RF design and application of Linx products. These  
applications notes are available online at www.linxtechnologies.com or by  
contacting the Linx literature department.  
Questions regarding interpretations of the Part 2 and Part 15 rules or measurement  
procedures used to test intentional radiators, such as Linx RF modules, for compliance  
with the technical standards of Part 15, should be addressed to:  
Federal Communications Commission  
Equipment Authorization Division  
Customer Service Branch, MS 1300F2  
7435 Oakland Mills Road  
NOTE  
AN-00100  
APPLICATION NOTE TITLE  
RF 101: Information for the RF Challenged  
Columbia, MD 21046  
Phone: (301) 725-1585 Fax: (301) 344-2050 E-Mail: labinfo@fcc.gov  
AN-00125  
AN-00130  
AN-00140  
AN-00150  
AN-00160  
AN-00232  
AN-00500  
Considerations For Operation Within The 260-470MHz Band  
Modulation Techniques For Low-Cost RF Data Links  
The FCC Road: Part 15 From Concept To Approval  
Use and Design of T-Attenuation Pads  
International approvals are slightly more complex, although Linx modules are designed  
to allow all international standards to be met. If you are considering the export of your  
product abroad, you should contact Linx Technologies to determine the specific suitability  
of the module to your application.  
All Linx modules are designed with the approval process in mind and thus much of the  
frustration that is typically experienced with a discrete design is eliminated. Approval is  
still dependent on many factors, such as the choice of antennas, correct use of the  
frequency selected, and physical packaging. While some extra cost and design effort are  
required to address these issues, the additional usefulness and profitability added to a  
product by RF makes the effort more than worthwhile.  
Considerations For Sending Data Over a Wireless Link  
General Considerations For Sending Data With The LC Series  
Antennas: Design, Application, Performance  
Page 18  
Page 19  
WIRELESS MADE SIMPLE ®  
U.S. CORPORATE HEADQUARTERS  
LINX TECHNOLOGIES, INC.  
159 ORT LANE  
MERLIN, OR 97532  
PHONE: (541) 471-6256  
FAX: (541) 471-6251  
www.linxtechnologies.com  
Disclaimer  
Linx Technologies is continually striving to improve the quality and function of its products. For this reason,  
we reserve the right to make changes to our products without notice. The information contained in this  
Overview Guide is believed to be accurate as of the time of publication. Specifications are based on  
representative lot samples. Values may vary from lot-to-lot and are not guaranteed. "Typical" parameters can  
and do vary over lots and application. Linx Technologies makes no guarantee, warranty, or representation  
regarding the suitability of any product for use in any specific application. It is the customer's responsibility  
to verify the suitability of the part for the intended application. NO LINX PRODUCT IS INTENDED FOR USE  
IN ANY APPLICATION WHERE THE SAFETY OF LIFE OR PROPERTY IS AT RISK.  
Linx Technologies DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A  
PARTICULAR PURPOSE. IN NO EVENT SHALL LINX TECHNOLOGIES BE LIABLE FOR ANY OF  
CUSTOMER'S INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING IN ANY WAY FROM ANY DEFECTIVE  
OR NON-CONFORMING PRODUCTS OR FOR ANY OTHER BREACH OF CONTRACT BY LINX  
TECHNOLOGIES. The limitations on Linx Technologies' liability are applicable to any and all claims or  
theories of recovery asserted by Customer, including, without limitation, breach of contract, breach of  
warranty, strict liability, or negligence. Customer assumes all liability (including, without limitation, liability  
for injury to person or property, economic loss, or business interruption) for all claims, including claims  
from third parties, arising from the use of the Products. The Customer will indemnify, defend, protect, and  
hold harmless Linx Technologies and its officers, employees, subsidiaries, affiliates, distributors, and  
representatives from and against all claims, damages, actions, suits, proceedings, demands, assessments,  
adjustments, costs, and expenses incurred by Linx Technologies as a result of or arising from any Products  
sold by Linx Technologies to Customer. Under no conditions will Linx Technologies be responsible for  
losses arising from the use or failure of the device in any application, other than the repair, replacement, or  
refund limited to the original product purchase price. Devices described in this publication may contain  
proprietary, patented, or copyrighted techniques, components, or materials. Under no circumstances shall  
any user be conveyed any license or right to the use or ownership of such items.  
© 2008 by Linx Technologies, Inc. The stylized Linx logo,  
Linx, “Wireless Made Simple”, CipherLinx, and the stylized  
CL logo are the trademarks of Linx Technologies, Inc.  
Printed in U.S.A.  
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