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RXD-433-KH

型号：

RXD-433-KH

描述：

KH系列接收器/解码器数据[ KH SERIES RECEIVER / DECODER DATA ]

品牌：

ETC[ ETC ]

页数：

11 页

PDF大小：

384 K

下载PDF手册
RXD-315-KH  
RXD-418-KH  
RXD-433-KH  
WIRELESS MADE SIMPLE ®  
KH SERIES RECEIVER / DECODER DATA GUIDE  
DESCRIPTION  
The KH Series is ideally suited for volume use  
in OEM applications such as remote control /  
command and keyless entry. It combines an RF  
1.430"  
receiver with an on-board decoder. When  
paired with a matching KH Series transmitter /  
RF RECEIVER/DECODER  
encoder module, a highly reliable wireless link  
is formed, capable of transferring the status of 8  
parallel inputs over distances in excess of 300  
feet. Ten tri-state address lines provide 59,049  
(310) different addresses for security and  
uniqueness. Housed in a compact SMD  
package, the KH module utilizes a highly  
optimized SAW architecture to achieve an  
unmatched blend of performance, size,  
efficiency, and cost. No external RF  
components, are required (except an antenna),  
making design integration straightforward.  
0.630"  
0.180"  
RXD-418-KH  
LOT 1000  
Figure 1: Package Dimensions  
FEATURES  
„ Low cost  
„ Ultra-low power consumption  
„ Compact SMD package  
„ Stable SAW-based architecture  
„ Received data output  
„ On-board decoder  
„ 8 parallel binary outputs  
10  
„ 3 addresses for security and  
uniqueness  
„ No external RF components  
required  
„ Transmission validation  
„ No production tuning  
APPLICATIONS INCLUDE  
ORDERING INFORMATION  
„ Remote Control / Command  
„ Keyless Entry  
„ Garage / Gate Openers  
„ Lighting Control  
PART #  
DESCRIPTION  
TXE-315-KH  
TXE-418-KH  
TXE-433-KH  
RXD-315-KH  
RXD-418-KH  
RXD-433-KH  
EVAL-***-KH  
*** = Frequency  
Transmitter / Encoder 315MHz  
Transmitter / Encoder 418MHz  
Transmitter / Encoder 433MHz  
Receiver / Decoder 315MHz  
Receiver / Decoder 418MHz  
Receiver / Decoder 433MHz  
Basic Evaluation Kit  
„ Call Systems  
„ Home / Industrial Automation  
„ Fire / Security Alarms  
„ Remote Status Monitoring  
„ Wire Elimination  
Receivers are supplied in tubes of 20 pcs.  
Revised 10/12/06  
ELECTRICAL SPECIFICATIONS  
ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS  
Parameter  
Designation  
Min.  
Typical  
Max.  
Units  
Notes  
Supply Voltage VCC  
Supply Voltage VCC, Using Resistor -0.3  
-0.3  
to  
to  
to  
0
to  
to  
+4.2  
+5.2  
+3.6  
VDC  
VDC  
VDC  
dBm  
°C  
POWER SUPPLY  
Operating Voltage:  
With Dropping Resistor  
Supply Current  
VCC  
2.7  
4.7  
5.0  
3.0  
5.0  
7.0  
4.2  
5.2  
8.0  
VDC  
VDC  
mA  
–
1
–
Any Input or Output Pin  
RF Input  
Operating Temperature  
Storage Temperature  
Soldering Temperature  
-0.3  
ICC  
IPDN  
-30  
-45  
+70  
+85  
Power-Down Current  
–
700  
950  
µA  
–
°C  
RECEIVER SECTION  
Receive Frequency:  
RXD-315-KH  
RXD-418-KH  
RXD-433-KH  
Center Frequency Accuracy  
IF Frequency  
+225°C for 10 seconds  
FC  
*NOTE* Exceeding any of the limits of this section may lead to permanent  
damage to the device. Furthermore, extended operation at these maximum  
ratings may reduce the life of this device.  
–
–
–
-75  
–
–
315  
418  
433.92  
–
10.7  
280  
–
–
–
–
+75  
–
–
MHz  
MHz  
MHz  
kHz  
MHz  
kHz  
bps  
–
–
–
–
–
2
–
–
FIF  
N3DB  
–
PERFORMANCE DATA  
Noise Bandwidth  
These performance parameters  
are based on module operation at  
25°C from a 3.0VDC supply unless  
otherwise noted. Figure  
illustrates the connections  
necessary for testing and  
operation. It is recommended all  
ground pins be connected to the  
ground plane. The pins marked NC  
have no electrical connection and  
are designed only to add physical  
support.  
Data Rate  
Data Output:  
Logic Low  
100  
5,000  
5VDC  
28  
27  
NC  
D0  
ANT  
1
2
VOL  
VOH  
–
0.0  
VCC - 0.3  
-92  
–
–
-102  
0.3  
VCC  
-106  
VDC  
VDC  
dBm  
3
3,4  
5
200Ω  
GND  
3VDC  
External  
Resistor  
Logic High  
D1  
NC 26  
3
4
2
GND  
VCC  
PDN  
D2  
NC  
25  
Receiver Sensitivity  
ANTENNA PORT  
RF Input Impedance  
5
A9  
A8  
A7  
A6  
A5  
A4  
A3  
A2  
A1  
A0  
24  
23  
22  
21  
20  
19  
18  
17  
16  
15  
6
7
RIN  
–
50  
–
Ω
–
6
D3  
8
TIMING  
D4  
9
DATA  
VT  
10  
11  
12  
13  
14  
Receiver Turn-On Time:  
Via VCC  
–
5.0  
7.0  
10.5  
mSec  
D5  
DECODER SECTION  
D6  
D7  
TX Data Length  
Average Data Duty Cycle  
Decoder Oscillator  
–
–
FENC  
–
–
–
26 bits 3x  
50%  
–
–
–
–
–
kHz  
–
–
–
Figure 2: Test / Basic Application Circuit  
70  
Output Drive Current  
–
0.6  
1.0  
1.2  
mA  
°C  
7
TYPICAL PERFORMANCE GRAPHS  
ENVIRONMENTAL  
Operating Temperature Range  
–
-30  
–
+70  
–
10.0  
16  
6.0  
Table 1: KH Series Receiver Electrical Specifications  
5.0  
12  
4.0  
3.0  
Notes  
8
2.5  
1. *CRITICAL* In order to operate the device over this range, it is necessary for a 200Ω resistor to be  
2.0  
1.5  
1.0  
4
placed in series with VCC  
.
2. Potential rate of data recovered on the DATA line (pin 10). The decoder rate is internally fixed at about  
2kbps.  
0
0
0.18  
0.5 0.9 1.25 1.94 2.53 3.10 4.80  
2.7  
3
3.5  
4
Senssitivity Decreasee (dBB))  
3. When operating from a 5V source, it is important to consider that the output will swing to well less than  
5 volts as a result of the required dropping resistor. Please verify that the minimum voltage will meet the  
high threshold requirement of the device to which data is being sent.  
Supply Voltage (V)  
Figure 3: Sensitivity vs. VSWR  
Figure 4: Consumption vs. Supply Voltage  
4. VCC referenced to voltage on the VCC pin after dropping resistor.  
-5  
5. For a BER of 10 at 4,800 baud. Sensitivity is affected by the antenna’s SWR.  
6. Time to valid data output.  
7. Maximum drive capability of data outputs.  
Data Out  
Carrier  
Data Out  
Carrier  
*CAUTION*  
This product incorporates numerous static-sensitive components.  
Always wear an ESD wrist strap and observe proper ESD handling  
procedures when working with this device. Failure to observe this  
precaution may result in module damage or failure.  
Figure 5: RF In vs. Receiver Response Time Figure 6: Receiver Turn-Off Time  
Page 3  
Page 2  
PIN ASSIGNMENTS  
MODULE DESCRIPTION  
The KH Series module combines the popular Linx LC Series receiver with a  
decoder IC in a convenient SMD package. The module is ideal for general-  
purpose remote control and command applications. When paired with a  
matching Linx KH Series transmitter/encoder, a highly reliable RF link is formed,  
capable of transferring control and command data over line-of-sight distances in  
excess of 300 feet. The on-board receiver/decoder combination provides eight  
switched outputs that correspond to the state of the data lines on the  
transmitter’s encoder. Ten tri-state address lines are also provided to allow up to  
59,049 (310) unique identification codes.  
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
NC  
D0  
ANT 28  
GND 27  
NC 26  
NC 25  
A9 24  
A8 23  
A7 22  
A6 21  
A5 20  
A4 19  
A3 18  
A2 17  
A1 16  
A0 15  
D1  
GND  
VCC  
PDN  
D2  
D3  
D4  
10 DATA  
11 VT  
12 D5  
13 D6  
14 D7  
50Ω RF IN  
(Ant.)  
RF Stage  
Gilbert Cell  
Mixer/Amp  
10.7MHz  
Band Select  
Filter  
Bandpass Filter  
DATA  
pre-  
amplifier  
Figure 7: KH Series Receiver Pinout (Top View)  
10.7MHz  
Limiting Amp Ceramic Filter  
AM Detector  
Data Slicer  
PIN DESCRIPTIONS  
SAW Local Oscillator  
Pin # Name  
Description  
Decoder Stage  
1
NC  
No Connection. For physical support only.  
D0  
D1  
D2  
D3  
D4  
D5  
D6  
D7  
Oscillator  
Buffer  
Divider  
8-bit  
Shift  
Register  
Latch  
Circuit  
AND  
Circuit  
2, 3, 7, 8,  
9, 12, 13,  
14  
Data Output Lines. Upon a valid transmission, these lines  
D0-D7 will be set to replicate the state of the transmitter’s address  
lines.  
Data  
Collector  
Buffer  
Sync.  
Detector  
Comparator  
Comparator  
4
5
GND  
VCC  
Analog Ground  
Supply Voltage  
Control  
Logic  
Transmission Gate Circuit  
Power Down. Pulling this line low will place the receiver into  
a low-current state. The module will not be able to receive a  
signal in this state.  
A0 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8 A9  
6
PDN  
Figure 8: KH Series Receiver Block Diagram  
THEORY OF OPERATION  
10  
11  
DATA  
VT  
Data output of the receiver prior to the encoder.  
The KH Series receiver module is designed to receive transmissions from a  
matching KH Series transmitter module or other compatible Linx transmitter  
product. When transmitted data is received, the data is presented to the on-  
board decoder. If the incoming address data matches the local address settings,  
the decoder’s outputs are set to replicate the states of the transmitter’s data  
lines.  
Valid Transmission. This line will go high when a valid  
transmission is received.  
Address Lines. The state of these lines must match the  
state of the transmitter’s address lines in order for a  
transmission to be accepted.  
15-24  
A0-A9  
The RF section of the KH module utilizes an advanced single-conversion  
superhet design that incorporates a Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW) device, high  
IF frequency, and multi-layer ceramic filters. The SAW device provides a highly  
accurate Local Oscillator (LO) frequency source with excellent immunity to  
frequency shift due to age or temperature. The use of SAW devices in both the  
KH transmitter and receiver modules allows the receiver’s pass band to be quite  
narrow, thus increasing sensitivity and reducing susceptibility to near-band  
interference.  
25  
26  
27  
NC  
NC  
No Connection. For physical support only.  
No Connection. For physical support only.  
Analog Ground  
GND  
RF IN  
28  
50-ohm RF Input  
Page 4  
Page 5  
DECODER OPERATION  
THE DATA OUTPUTS  
The KH Series receiver utilizes the HT658  
decoder from Holtek. The decoder receives  
data transmitted by the encoder and  
interprets the first 10 bits of the code period  
as address and the last 8 bits as data. A  
signal on the DATA line activates the  
oscillator, which in turn decodes the  
incoming address and data. The decoder  
will check the received address twice  
continuously. If the received address code  
matches the decoder’s local address, the 8  
bits of data are replicated on the output  
lines, and the VT line is set high to indicate  
the reception of a valid transmission. That  
will last until the address code is incorrect or  
no signal has been received. The VT line is  
high only when the transmission is valid,  
otherwise it is low. The data outputs are  
momentary, and follow the encoder during a  
valid transmission, then reset.  
Power On  
When data is received and the incoming address data matches with the local  
address settings, the module’s eight data output lines are set to replicate the  
state of the transmitter’s data lines. In addition, the valid transmission line (VT,  
Pin 11) will go high to indicate reception and decoding of the data. The data lines  
have a low sink and source capability, so external buffering is generally required  
if loads are to be driven directly.  
Standby Mode  
Disable VT &  
Ignore the Rest of  
This Word  
No  
Code In?  
Yes  
In addition to the decoded data outputs, raw data is also available via a CMOS-  
compatible data output (DATA, Pin 10). The output of this line is the actual  
received data stream from the receiver and is always active regardless of  
address line status. It is made available for troubleshooting or monitoring internal  
data flow. It can also be used in mixed-mode systems where data may come  
from another source in addition to a KH Series transmitter module. This data can  
then be channeled to an external processor for decoding.  
No  
No  
Address Bits  
Matched?  
Yes  
Store Data  
Match  
Previous Stored  
Data?  
Yes  
2 Times  
of Checking  
Completed?  
No  
RECEIVING DATA  
Although the internal decoder handles all of the decoding and output for  
transmissions from a KH Series transmitter or an OEM transmitter, the KH Series  
receiver will output the raw received data on the DATA line. This allows the  
designer to create a mixed system of KH Series or OEM transmitters for encoded  
data as well as LC or LR Series transmitters for custom data.  
Yes  
Data to Output &  
Activate VT  
No  
Address or  
Data Error?  
The oscillator is disabled in the standby  
state and activated as long as a logic “high”  
signal is applied to the DATA line, so the  
Yes  
When using the KH for custom data transmissions, it is up to the designer to  
implement a noise-tolerant protocol to ensure the integrity of the data. The  
Protocol Guidelines section will provide some suggestions, as well as Application  
Note AN-00160.  
Figure 9: Decoder Flowchart  
DATA line should be kept “low” if there is no signal input.  
Encoder  
Transmit  
Enable  
The KH Series receiver module contains the LC Series receiver, which has a  
CMOS-compatible output capable of directly driving a microprocessor, an RS-  
232 level converter, or a Linx QS Series USB module. The LC Series receiver  
manual can be consulted for more details on the operation of the receiver itself.  
< 1 Word  
Encoder  
Data Out  
Transmitted Continuously  
Clocks  
3 Words  
3 Words  
2 Words  
Check  
POWER SUPPLY REQUIREMENTS  
14  
14  
2
Clocks  
2
The module does not have an internal voltage  
regulator; therefore it requires a clean, well-regulated  
Vcc TO  
MODULE  
Decoder VT  
Check  
power source. While it is preferable to power the unit  
10Ω  
Decoder  
Data Out  
from a battery, it can also be operated from a power  
Vcc IN  
+
supply as long as noise is less than 20mV. Power  
10μF  
1/2 Clock Time  
1/2 Clock Time  
supply noise can affect the receiver sensitivity;  
therefore, providing a clean power supply for the  
module should be a high priority during design.  
Figure 10: Encoder / Decoder Timing Diagram  
Figure 11: Supply Filter  
A 10Ω resistor in series with the supply followed by a  
10µF tantalum capacitor from VCC to ground will help in cases where the quality  
SETTING THE RECEIVER ADDRESS  
The module provides ten tri-state address lines. This allows for the formation of  
up to 59,049 (310) unique receiver-transmitter relationships. Tri-state means that  
the address lines can be set to one of three distinct states: high, low, or floating.  
These lines may be hardwired or configured via a microprocessor, DIP switch,  
or jumpers.  
of supply power is poor. These values may need to be adjusted depending on  
the noise present on the supply line. Note that operation from 4.7 to 5.2 volts  
requires the use of an external 200Ω resistor placed in-line with the supply to  
prevent VCC from exceeding 4.2 volts, so the dropping resistor can take the place  
of the 10Ω resistor in the supply filter.  
The receiver’s address line states must match the transmitter’s exactly for a  
transmission to be recognized. If the transmitted address does not match the  
receiver’s local address, then the receiver will take no action.  
Page 6  
Page 7  
PROTOCOL GUIDELINES  
TYPICAL APPLICATIONS  
While many RF solutions impose data formatting and balancing requirements,  
Linx RF modules do not encode or packetize the signal content in any manner.  
The received signal will be affected by such factors as noise, edge jitter, and  
interference, but it is not purposefully manipulated or altered by the modules.  
This gives the designer tremendous flexibility for protocol design and interface.  
The figure below shows an example of a basic remote control receiver utilizing  
the KH Series receiver module. When a key is pressed on the transmitter, a  
corresponding line on the receiver goes high. A schematic for the transmitter /  
encoder circuit may be found in the KH Series Transmitter Data Guide. These  
circuits are implemented in the KH Series Basic Evaluation Kit. They can be  
easily modified for a custom application and clearly demonstrate the ease of  
using the Linx KH Series modules for remote control applications.  
VCC  
Despite this transparency and ease of use, it must be recognized that there are  
distinct differences between a wired and a wireless environment. Issues such as  
interference and contention must be understood and allowed for in the design  
process. To learn more about protocol considerations, we suggest you read Linx  
Application Note AN-00160.  
VCC  
BZ1  
BUZZER  
S4  
Q1  
R2  
Errors from interference or changing signal conditions can cause corruption of  
the data packet, so it is generally wise to structure the data being sent into small  
packets. This allows errors to be managed without affecting large amounts of  
data. A simple checksum or CRC could be used for basic error detection. Once  
an error is detected, the protocol designer may wish to simply discard the corrupt  
data or implement a more sophisticated scheme to correct it.  
2N2222  
2.2k  
ANT1  
GND  
B1  
1
2
28  
27  
26  
25  
24  
23  
22  
21  
20  
19  
18  
17  
16  
15  
CR2032 3V LITHIUM  
NC  
ANT  
GND  
NC  
NC  
A9  
R4  
10k  
D0  
GND  
VCC  
3
D1  
GND  
VCC  
4
GND  
VCC  
PDN  
D2  
S1  
20  
19  
18  
17  
16  
15  
14  
13  
12  
11  
LED1  
RED LED  
GND  
5
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
INTERFERENCE CONSIDERATIONS  
6
A8  
7
R6  
220 OHM  
A7  
The RF spectrum is crowded and the potential for conflict with other unwanted  
sources of RF is very real. While all RF products are at risk from interference, its  
effects can be minimized by better understanding its characteristics.  
8
D3  
A6  
Q2  
2N2222  
9
R3  
2.2k  
D4  
A5  
10  
10  
11  
12  
13  
14  
DATA  
VT  
A4  
SW-DIP-10  
Interference may come from internal or external sources. The first step is to  
eliminate interference from noise sources on the board. This means paying  
careful attention to layout, grounding, filtering, and bypassing in order to  
eliminate all radiated and conducted interference paths. For many products, this  
is straightforward; however, products containing components such as switching  
power supplies, motors, crystals, and other potential sources of noise must be  
approached with care. Comparing your own design with a Linx evaluation board  
can help to determine if and at what level design-specific interference is present.  
A3  
GND  
D5  
A2  
R5  
10k  
D6  
A1  
D7  
A0  
GND  
RXD-XXX-KH  
Figure 12: Basic Remote Control Receiver  
The ten-position DIP switch is used to set the address to either ground or  
floating. Since the floating state is a valid state, no pull-up resistors are needed.  
External interference can manifest itself in a variety of ways. Low-level  
interference will produce noise and hashing on the output and reduce the link’s  
overall range.  
The data line outputs can only source about 1mA of current, so transistor buffers  
are used to drive the buzzer and LED. 1mA is sufficient to activate most  
microcontrollers, but the manufacturer’s data guides should be consulted to  
make sure.  
High-level interference is caused by nearby products sharing the same  
frequency or from near-band high-power devices. It can even come from your  
own products if more than one transmitter is active in the same area. It is  
important to remember that only one transmitter at a time can occupy a  
frequency, regardless of the coding of the transmitted signal. This type of  
interference is less common than those mentioned previously, but in severe  
cases it can prevent all useful function of the affected device.  
The KH Series receiver / decoder module is also suitable for use with Linx OEM  
handheld transmitters. These transmitters are FCC certified, making product  
introduction extremely quick. Information on these transmitters can be found on  
the Linx website at www.linxtechnologies.com.  
Although technically it is not interference, multipath is also a factor to be  
understood. Multipath is a term used to refer to the signal cancellation effects  
that occur when RF waves arrive at the receiver in different phase relationships.  
This effect is a particularly significant factor in interior environments where  
objects provide many different signal reflection paths. Multipath cancellation  
results in lowered signal levels at the receiver and, thus, shorter useful distances  
for the link.  
Figure 13: Linx OEM Transmitters  
Figure 14: Linx OEM Keyfobs  
Page 8  
Page 9  
BOARD LAYOUT GUIDELINES  
MICROSTRIP DETAILS  
If you are at all familiar with RF devices, you may be concerned about  
specialized board layout requirements. Fortunately, because of the care taken by  
Linx in designing the modules, integrating them is very straightforward. Despite  
this ease of application, it is still necessary to maintain respect for the RF stage  
and exercise appropriate care in layout and application in order to maximize  
performance and ensure reliable operation. The antenna can also be influenced  
by layout choices. Please review this data guide in its entirety prior to beginning  
your design. By adhering to good layout principles and observing some basic  
design rules, you will be on the path to RF success.  
A transmission line is a medium whereby RF energy is transferred from one  
place to another with minimal loss. This is a critical factor, especially in high-  
frequency products like Linx RF modules, because the trace leading to the  
module’s antenna can effectively contribute to the length of the antenna,  
changing its resonant bandwidth. In order to minimize loss and detuning, some  
form of transmission line between the antenna and the module should be used,  
unless the antenna can be placed very close (<1/8in.) to the module. One  
common form of transmission line is a coax cable, another is the microstrip. This  
term refers to a PCB trace running over a ground plane that is designed to serve  
as a transmission line between the module and the antenna. The width is based  
on the desired characteristic impedance of the line, the thickness of the PCB,  
and the dielectric constant of the board material. For standard 0.062in thick FR-  
4 board material, the trace width would be 111 mils. The correct trace width can  
be calculated for other widths and materials using the information below. Handy  
software for calculating microstrip lines is also available on the Linx website,  
www.linxtechnologies.com.  
GROUND PLANE  
ONN LLOOWERR LLAAYER  
The adjacent figure shows the suggested  
PCB footprint for the module. The actual pad  
dimensions are shown in the Pad Layout  
section of this manual. A ground plane (as  
large as possible) should be placed on a  
lower layer of your PC board opposite the  
module. This ground plane can also be critical  
to the performance of your antenna, which will  
be discussed later. There should not be any  
ground or traces under the module on the  
Trace  
Figure 15: Suggested PCB Layout  
same layer as the module, just bare PCB.  
Board  
During prototyping, the module should be soldered to a properly laid-out circuit  
board. The use of prototyping or “perf” boards will result in horrible performance  
and is strongly discouraged.  
Ground plane  
No conductive items should be placed within 0.15in of the module’s top or sides.  
Do not route PCB traces directly under the module. The underside of the module  
has numerous signal-bearing traces and vias that could short or couple to traces  
on the product’s circuit board.  
The module’s ground lines should each have their own via to the ground plane  
and be as short as possible.  
AM / OOK receivers are particularly subject to noise. The module should, as  
much as reasonably possible, be isolated from other components on your PCB,  
especially high-frequency circuitry such as crystal oscillators, switching power  
supplies, and high-speed bus lines. Make sure internal wiring is routed away  
from the module and antenna, and is secured to prevent displacement.  
The power supply filter should be placed close to the module’s VCC line.  
In some instances, a designer may wish to encapsulate or “pot” the product.  
Many Linx customers have done this successfully; however, there are a wide  
variety of potting compounds with varying dielectric properties. Since such  
compounds can considerably impact RF performance, it is the responsibility of  
the designer to carefully evaluate and qualify the impact and suitability of such  
materials.  
Figure 16: Microstrip Formulas  
Effective Dielectric  
Constant  
Characteristic  
Impedance  
Dielectric Constant Width/Height (W/d)  
The trace from the module to the antenna should be kept as short as possible.  
A simple trace is suitable for runs up to 1/8-inch for antennas with wide  
bandwidth characteristics. For longer runs or to avoid detuning narrow bandwidth  
antennas, such as a helical, use a 50-ohm coax or 50-ohm microstrip  
transmission line as described in the following section.  
4.80  
4.00  
2.55  
1.8  
2.0  
3.0  
3.59  
3.07  
2.12  
50.0  
51.0  
48.0  
Page 10  
Page 11  
PAD LAYOUT  
AUTOMATED ASSEMBLY  
The following pad layout diagram is designed to facilitate both hand and  
automated assembly.  
For high-volume assembly, most users will want to auto-place the modules. The  
modules have been designed to maintain compatibility with reflow processing  
techniques; however, due to the their hybrid nature, certain aspects of the  
assembly process are far more critical than for other component types.  
0.065"  
Following are brief discussions of the three primary areas where caution must be  
observed.  
Reflow Temperature Profile  
0.610"  
The single most critical stage in the automated assembly process is the reflow  
stage. The reflow profile below should not be exceeded, since excessive  
temperatures or transport times during reflow will irreparably damage the  
modules. Assembly personnel will need to pay careful attention to the oven’s  
profile to ensure that it meets the requirements necessary to successfully reflow  
all components while still remaining within the limits mandated by the modules.  
The figure below shows the recommended reflow oven profile for the modules.  
0.070"  
0.100"  
Figure 17: Recommended PCB Layout  
PRODUCTION GUIDELINES  
The modules are housed in a hybrid SMD package that supports hand or  
automated assembly techniques. Since the modules contain discrete  
components internally, the assembly procedures are critical to ensuring the  
reliable function of the modules. The following procedures should be reviewed  
with and practiced by all assembly personnel.  
300  
250  
200  
150  
100  
50  
Ideal Curve  
Limit Curve  
Forced Air Reflow Profile  
220oC  
210oC  
180oC  
HAND ASSEMBLY  
Pads located on the bottom of the  
Reflow Zone  
125oC  
module are the primary mounting  
surface. Since these pads are  
inaccessible during mounting,  
Soldering Iron  
Tip  
20-40 Sec.  
Soak Zone  
2 Minutes Max.  
Preheat Zone  
2-2.3 Minutes  
castellations that run up the side of  
the module have been provided to  
Cooling  
Ramp-up  
facilitate solder wicking to the  
module’s underside. This allows for  
very quick hand soldering for  
prototyping and small volume  
1-1.5 Minutes  
Solder  
0
0
30  
60  
90  
120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360  
Time (Seconds)  
PCB Pads  
Castellations  
Figure 19: Maximum Reflow Profile  
Figure 18: Soldering Technique  
production.  
If the recommended pad guidelines have been followed, the pads will protrude  
slightly past the edge of the module. Use a fine soldering tip to heat the board  
pad and the castellation, then introduce solder to the pad at the module’s edge.  
The solder will wick underneath the module, providing reliable attachment. Tack  
one module corner first and then work around the device, taking care not to  
exceed the times listed below.  
Shock During Reflow Transport  
Since some internal module components may reflow along with the components  
placed on the board being assembled, it is imperative that the modules not be  
subjected to shock or vibration during the time solder is liquid. Should a shock  
be applied, some internal components could be lifted from their pads, causing  
the module to not function properly.  
Washability  
Absolute Maximum Solder Times  
The modules are wash resistant, but are not hermetically sealed. Linx  
recommends wash-free manufacturing; however, the modules can be subjected  
to a wash cycle provided that a drying time is allowed prior to applying electrical  
power to the modules. The drying time should be sufficient to allow any moisture  
that may have migrated into the module to evaporate, thus eliminating the  
potential for shorting damage during power-up or testing. If the wash contains  
contaminants, the performance may be adversely affected, even after drying.  
Hand-Solder Temp. TX +225°C for 10 Seconds  
Hand-Solder Temp. RX +225°C for 10 Seconds  
Recommended Solder Melting Point +180°C  
Reflow Oven: +220°C Max. (See adjoining diagram)  
Page 12  
Page 13  
ANTENNA CONSIDERATIONS  
GENERAL ANTENNA RULES  
The choice of antennas is a critical  
The following general rules should help in maximizing antenna performance.  
and  
consideration.  
often  
overlooked  
The  
design  
range,  
1. Proximity to objects such as a user’s hand, body, or metal objects will cause an  
antenna to detune. For this reason, the antenna shaft and tip should be  
positioned as far away from such objects as possible.  
performance, and legality of an RF link  
are critically dependent upon the  
antenna. While adequate antenna  
performance can often be obtained by  
trial and error methods, antenna  
design and matching is a complex  
2. Optimum performance will be obtained  
from a 1/4- or 1/2-wave straight whip  
mounted at a right angle to the ground  
plane. In many cases, this isn’t desirable  
OPTIMUM  
for practical or ergonomic reasons, thus,  
NOT RECOMMENDED  
task.  
A
professionally designed  
Figure 20: Linx Antennas  
USEABLE  
an alternative antenna style such as a  
helical, loop, or patch may be utilized  
antenna, such as those from Linx, will  
help ensure maximum performance and FCC compliance.  
Figure 22: Ground Plane Orientation  
and the corresponding sacrifice in performance accepted.  
Linx transmitter modules typically have an output power that is slightly higher  
than the legal limits. This allows the designer to use an inefficient antenna, such  
as a loop trace or helical, to meet size, cost, or cosmetic requirements and still  
achieve full legal output power for maximum range. If an efficient antenna is  
used, then some attenuation of the output power will likely be needed. This can  
easily be accomplished by using the LADJ line or a T-pad attenuator. For more  
details on T-pad attenuator design, please see Application Note AN-00150.  
3. If an internal antenna is to be used, keep it away from other metal components,  
particularly large items like transformers, batteries, PCB tracks, and ground  
planes. In many cases, the space around the antenna is as important as the  
antenna itself. Objects in close proximity to the antenna can cause direct  
detuning, while those farther away will alter the antenna’s symmetry.  
4. In many antenna designs, particularly 1/4-wave  
VERTICAL λ/4 GROUNDED  
ANTENNA (MARCONI)  
whips, the ground plane acts as a counterpoise,  
forming, in essence, a 1/2-wave dipole. For this  
reason, adequate ground plane area is essential.  
A receiver antenna should be optimized for the frequency or band in which the  
receiver operates and to minimize the reception of off-frequency signals. The  
efficiency of the receiver’s antenna is critical to maximizing range performance.  
Unlike the transmitter antenna, where legal operation may mandate attenuation  
or a reduction in antenna efficiency, the receiver’s antenna should be optimized  
as much as is practical.  
E
DIPOLE  
ELEMENT  
λ/4  
The ground plane can be a metal case or ground-fill  
I
areas on a circuit board. Ideally, it should have a  
surface area > the overall length of the 1/4-wave  
radiating element. This is often not practical due to  
size and configuration constraints. In these  
instances, a designer must make the best use of the  
area available to create as much ground plane as  
GROUND  
PLANE  
VIRTUAL λ/4  
DIPOLE  
λ/4  
It is usually best to utilize a basic quarter-wave whip until your prototype product  
is operating satisfactorily. Other antennas can then be evaluated based on the  
cost, size, and cosmetic requirements of the product. You may wish to review  
Application Note AN-00500 “Antennas: Design, Application, Performance”  
Figure 23: Dipole Antenna  
possible in proximity to the base of the antenna. In cases where the antenna is  
remotely located or the antenna is not in close proximity to a circuit board,  
ground plane, or grounded metal case, a metal plate may be used to maximize  
the antenna’s performance.  
ANTENNA SHARING  
In cases where a transmitter and receiver  
module are combined to form a transceiver,  
0.1μF  
it is often advantageous to share a single  
Module  
V
DD  
Transmitter  
0.1μF  
Antenna  
5. Remove the antenna as far as possible from potential interference sources. Any  
frequency of sufficient amplitude to enter the receiver’s front end will reduce  
system range and can even prevent reception entirely. Switching power  
supplies, oscillators, or even relays can also be significant sources of potential  
interference. The single best weapon against such problems is attention to  
placement and layout. Filter the module’s power supply with a high-frequency  
bypass capacitor. Place adequate ground plane under potential sources of noise  
to shunt noise to ground and prevent it from coupling to the RF stage. Shield  
noisy board areas whenever practical.  
antenna. To accomplish this, an antenna  
switch must be used to provide isolation  
between the modules so that the full  
0.1μF  
GND  
0.1μF  
GND  
Receiver  
Module  
transmitter output power is not put on the  
0.1μF  
sensitive front end of the receiver. There  
Select  
are a wide variety of antenna switches that  
are cost-effective and easy to use. Among  
Figure 21: Typical Antenna Switch  
the most popular are switches from Macom and NEC. Look for an antenna  
switch that has high isolation and low loss at the desired frequency of operation.  
Generally, the Tx or Rx status of a switch will be controlled by a product’s  
microprocessor, but the user may also make the selection manually. In some  
cases, where the characteristics of the Tx and Rx antennas need to be different  
or antenna switch losses are unacceptable, it may be more appropriate to utilize  
two discrete antennas.  
6. In some applications, it is advantageous to  
place the module and antenna away from the  
CASE  
main equipment. This can avoid interference  
problems and allows the antenna to be  
oriented for optimum performance. Always use  
GROUND PLANE  
NUT  
(MAY BE NEEDED)  
50Ω coax, like RG-174, for the remote feed.  
Figure 24: Remote Ground Plane  
Page 15  
Page 14  
COMMON ANTENNA STYLES  
ONLINE RESOURCES  
There are literally hundreds of antenna styles and variations that can be  
employed with Linx RF modules. Following is a brief discussion of the styles  
most commonly utilized. Additional antenna information can be found in Linx  
Application Notes AN-00100, AN-00140, and AN-00500. Linx antennas and  
connectors offer outstanding performance at a low price.  
®
www.linxtechnologies.com  
• Latest News  
A whip-style antenna provides outstanding overall performance  
Whip Style  
and stability. A low-cost whip is can be easily fabricated from a  
wire or rod, but most designers opt for the consistent  
performance and cosmetic appeal of a professionally-made  
model. To meet this need, Linx offers a wide variety of straight  
and reduced-height whip-style antennas in permanent and  
connectorized mounting styles.  
• Data Guides  
• Application Notes  
• Knowledgebase  
• Software Updates  
The wavelength of the operational frequency determines an  
antenna’s overall length. Since a full wavelength is often quite  
If you have questions regarding any Linx product and have Internet access,  
make www.linxtechnologies.com your first stop. Our website is organized in an  
intuitive format to immediately give you the answers you need. Day or night, the  
Linx website gives you instant access to the latest information regarding the  
products and services of Linx. It’s all here: manual and software updates,  
application notes, a comprehensive knowledgebase, FCC information, and much  
more. Be sure to visit often!  
long, a partial 1/2- or 1/4-wave antenna is normally employed.  
Its size and natural radiation resistance make it well matched to  
Linx modules. The proper length for a straight 1/4-wave can be  
easily determined using the adjacent formula. It is also possible  
to reduce the overall height of the antenna by using a helical  
winding. This reduces the antenna’s bandwidth, but is a great  
way to minimize the antenna’s physical size for compact  
applications. This also means that the physical appearance is  
not always an indicator of the antenna’s frequency.  
234  
L =  
F
MHz  
Where:  
L
= length in feet of  
quarter-wave length  
F = operating frequency  
in megahertz  
Specialty Styles  
Linx offers a wide variety of specialized antenna styles.  
Many of these styles utilize helical elements to reduce the  
overall antenna size while maintaining reasonable  
performance. A helical antenna’s bandwidth is often quite  
narrow and the antenna can detune in proximity to other  
objects, so care must be exercised in layout and placement.  
www.antennafactor.com  
The Antenna Factor division of Linx offers  
a diverse array of antenna styles, many of  
which are optimized for use with our RF  
modules. From innovative embeddable  
antennas to low-cost whips, domes to  
Yagis, and even GPS, Antenna Factor  
likely has an antenna for you, or can  
design one to meet your requirements.  
A loop- or trace-style antenna is normally printed directly on a  
product’s PCB. This makes it the most cost-effective of antenna  
styles. The element can be made self-resonant or externally  
resonated with discrete components, but its actual layout is  
usually product specific. Despite the cost advantages, loop-style  
antennas are generally inefficient and useful only for short-range  
applications. They are also very sensitive to changes in layout and  
PCB dielectric, which can cause consistency issues during  
production. In addition, printed styles are difficult to engineer,  
requiring the use of expensive equipment, including a network  
analyzer. An improperly designed loop will have a high SWR at the  
desired frequency, which can cause instability in the RF stage.  
Loop Style  
www.connectorcity.com  
Through its Connector City division, Linx offers a wide  
selection of high-quality RF connectors, including FCC-  
compliant types such as RP-SMAs that are an ideal  
match for our modules and antennas. Connector City  
focuses on high-volume OEM requirements, which  
allows standard and custom RF connectors to be offered  
at a remarkably low cost.  
Linx offers low-cost planar and chip antennas that mount directly  
to a product’s PCB. These tiny antennas do not require testing and  
provide excellent performance in light of their small size. They  
offer a preferable alternative to the often-problematic “printed”  
antenna.  
Page 16  
Page 17  
LEGAL CONSIDERATIONS  
ACHIEVING A SUCCESSFUL RF IMPLEMENTATION  
Adding an RF stage brings an exciting new  
DECIDE TO UTILIZE RF  
NOTE: Linx RF modules are designed as component devices that require  
external components to function. The modules are intended to allow for full Part  
15 compliance; however, they are not approved by the FCC or any other agency  
worldwide. The purchaser understands that approvals may be required prior to  
the sale or operation of the device, and agrees to utilize the component in keeping  
with all laws governing its use in the country of operation.  
dimension to any product. It also means that  
additional effort and commitment will be needed to  
bring the product successfully to market. By utilizing  
premade RF modules, such as the LR Series, the  
design and approval process is greatly simplified. It  
is still important, however, to have an objective view  
of the steps necessary to ensure a successful RF  
integration. Since the capabilities of each customer  
vary widely, it is difficult to recommend one  
particular design path, but most projects follow steps  
similar to those shown at the right.  
RESEARCH RF OPTIONS  
ORDER EVALUATION KIT(S)  
TEST MODULE(S) WITH  
BASIC HOOKUP  
CHOOSE LINX MODULE  
When working with RF, a clear distinction must be made between what is technically  
possible and what is legally acceptable in the country where operation is intended. Many  
manufacturers have avoided incorporating RF into their products as a result of  
uncertainty and even fear of the approval and certification process. Here at Linx, our  
desire is not only to expedite the design process, but also to assist you in achieving a  
clear idea of what is involved in obtaining the necessary approvals to legally market your  
completed product.  
INTERFACE TO CHOSEN  
CIRCUIT AND DEBUG  
CONSULT LINX REGARDING  
ANTENNA OPTIONS AND DESIGN  
LAY OUT BOARD  
In reviewing this sample design path, you may  
notice that Linx offers a variety of services (such as  
antenna design and FCC prequalification) that are  
unusual for a high-volume component manufacturer.  
These services, along with an exceptional level of  
technical support, are offered because we recognize  
that RF is a complex science requiring the highest  
caliber of products and support. “Wireless Made  
Simple” is more than just a motto, it’s our  
commitment. By choosing Linx as your RF partner  
and taking advantage of the resources we offer, you  
SEND PRODUCTION-READY  
PROTOTYPE TO LINX  
FOR EMC PRESCREENING  
OPTIMIZE USING RF SUMMARY  
GENERATED BY LINX  
In the United States, the approval process is actually quite straightforward. The  
regulations governing RF devices and the enforcement of them are the responsibility of  
the Federal Communications Commission (FCC). The regulations are contained in Title  
47 of the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR). Title 47 is made up of numerous volumes;  
however, all regulations applicable to this module are contained in Volume 0-19. It is  
strongly recommended that a copy be obtained from the Government Printing Office in  
Washington or from your local government bookstore. Excerpts of applicable sections are  
included with Linx evaluation kits or may be obtained from the Linx Technologies website,  
www.linxtechnologies.com. In brief, these rules require that any device that intentionally  
radiates RF energy be approved, that is, tested for compliance and issued a unique  
identification number. This is a relatively painless process. Linx offers full EMC pre-  
compliance testing in our HP / Emco-equipped test center. Final compliance testing is  
then performed by one of the many independent testing laboratories across the country.  
Many labs can also provide other certifications that the product may require at the same  
time, such as UL, CLASS A / B, etc. Once your completed product has passed, you will  
be issued an ID number that is to be clearly placed on each product manufactured.  
SEND TO PART 15  
TEST FACILITY  
RECEIVE FCC ID #  
COMMENCE SELLING PRODUCT  
Typical Steps For  
Implementing RF  
will not only survive implementing RF, you may even find the process enjoyable.  
HELPFUL APPLICATION NOTES FROM LINX  
It is not the intention of this manual to address in depth many of the issues that  
should be considered to ensure that the modules function correctly and deliver  
the maximum possible performance. As you proceed with your design, you may  
wish to obtain one or more of the following application notes, which address in  
depth key areas of RF design and application of Linx products. These  
applications notes are available online at www.linxtechnologies.com or by  
contacting the Linx literature department.  
Questions regarding interpretations of the Part 2 and Part 15 rules or measurement  
procedures used to test intentional radiators, such as Linx RF modules, for compliance  
with the technical standards of Part 15, should be addressed to:  
Federal Communications Commission  
Equipment Authorization Division  
Customer Service Branch, MS 1300F2  
7435 Oakland Mills Road  
NOTE  
AN-00100  
APPLICATION NOTE TITLE  
RF 101: Information for the RF Challenged  
Columbia, MD 21046  
Phone: (301) 725-1585 Fax: (301) 344-2050 E-Mail: labinfo@fcc.gov  
AN-00125  
AN-00130  
AN-00140  
AN-00150  
AN-00160  
AN-00300  
AN-00500  
Considerations For Operation Within The 260-470MHz Band  
Modulation Techniques For Low-Cost RF Data Links  
The FCC Road: Part 15 From Concept To Approval  
Use and Design of T-Attenuation Pads  
International approvals are slightly more complex, although Linx modules are designed  
to allow all international standards to be met. If you are considering the export of your  
product abroad, you should contact Linx Technologies to determine the specific suitability  
of the module to your application.  
All Linx modules are designed with the approval process in mind and thus much of the  
frustration that is typically experienced with a discrete design is eliminated. Approval is  
still dependent on many factors, such as the choice of antennas, correct use of the  
frequency selected, and physical packaging. While some extra cost and design effort are  
required to address these issues, the additional usefulness and profitability added to a  
product by RF makes the effort more than worthwhile.  
Considerations For Sending Data Over a Wireless Link  
Addressing Linx OEM Products  
Antennas: Design, Application, Performance  
Page 18  
Page 19  
WIRELESS MADE SIMPLE ®  
U.S. CORPORATE HEADQUARTERS  
LINX TECHNOLOGIES, INC.  
159 ORT LANE  
MERLIN, OR 97532  
PHONE: (541) 471-6256  
FAX: (541) 471-6251  
www.linxtechnologies.com  
Disclaimer  
Linx Technologies is continually striving to improve the quality and function of its products. For  
this reason, we reserve the right to make changes without notice. The information contained in  
this Data Guide is believed to be accurate as of the time of publication. Specifications are based  
on representative lot samples. Values may vary from lot to lot and are not guaranteed. Linx  
Technologies makes no guarantee, warranty, or representation regarding the suitability or  
legality of any product for use in a specific application. None of these devices is intended for use  
in applications of a critical nature where the safety of life or property is at risk. The user assumes  
full liability for the use of product in such applications. Under no conditions will Linx Technologies  
be responsible for losses arising from the use or failure of the device in any application, other  
than the repair, replacement, or refund limited to the original product purchase price.  
© 2006 by Linx Technologies, Inc. The stylized Linx logo,  
Linx, “Wireless Made Simple”, CipherLinx and the stylized  
CL logo are the trademarks of Linx Technologies, Inc.  
Printed in U.S.A.  
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